(博讯 boxun.com)
10天之前的2011年12月18日,公民瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔安详地辞世了。作为一名信守自己的认知与良知的思想家和实践家,哈维尔的思考和实践对改变和终结东欧后极权主义有着难以替代的意义;而他留下的精神资源和政治遗产,对当代中国社会的觉醒和前行,更有着不可多得的启迪和推动作用。
30多年前,后极权制度下的捷克斯洛伐克民众生活在谎言和恐惧之中,请看哈维尔对此所作的真切描述:
中学老师讲授他自己并不相信的东西,因为恐惧自己的前途不稳,恐惧丢失自己的饭碗;学生则跟在老师后面重复他的说教,因为恐惧不被允许继续自己的学业;……由于恐惧说“不”会带来的后果,导致人们参加选举,给(官方)推荐的候选人投赞成票,并且假装认为这种形同虚设的走过场是真正的选举。出于对生计、地位或者前程的恐惧,人们投票赞成每一项决议,或者至少保持沉默。
这种活法憋屈、窝囊,这种现实畸形、荒诞。哈维尔认为,这一切必须改变。那么,如何改变?哈维尔给出的答案简单素朴,但不同凡响,直指人心。他既不主张等待本国的救世主出现或外国的救世主降临,也不主张设法撤离无道之邦,而是坚决主张:就在后极权制度之下改变自己的活法,做一个说真话的人,让自己生活在真实中。哈维尔认定,人们以良知激发勇气,勇气驱赶恐惧,就能够挺起腰杆,换一种活法。不过他同时强调,每个人都应该以自己认为合适的方式去“干”,承担相应的风险,担负自己的责任。换言之,哈维尔具有这样一种睿智的洞察和坚定的信念:后极权社会中的每个人都能凭良心说真话、做实事,每个人都应当也可以成为有姓名、有个性、有责任、有尊严的人。这样的民众,不仅可以使后极权机器运转不下去,也将会有力地支撑建立在道德和责任之上的民主政治的健康运行。
今天,依然生活在后极权社会中的中国人,在洞悉生存意义的先知哈维尔驾鹤远行的时候,什么才是寄托我们的哀思、表达我们追念和崇敬之情的最好方式呢?我以为,最好的方式当是:重温哈维尔的核心主张,倾听哈维尔的智慧声音,并努力践行之。
当下中国,不少人已经敢于、也已习惯于匿名说真话。与匿名也不敢说真话的极权时代相比,这无疑是一种人性的舒展、活法的改变和社会的进步。我完全相信,在网上匿名说真话的人,其实是很想真名实姓站出来说真话的,只是他们担心实名言说会较快惹上麻烦,甚至遭至打压,因此才来个“后台匿名,前台昵称”。虽然从根本上说,匿名说真话并不保险,但是我很能理解他们的考量:某条言论被查证、落实到真身头上,毕竟费用高、代价大,因此相对实名说真话,匿名言说自然安全性高一些,腾挪空间大一些。
从匿名说真话到实名说真话,尚有一步之遥。这一步,是跨,还是不跨?是现在就跨,还是明天再说,或竟等到“有朝一日”?倘若听哈维尔的,信哈维尔的,那就是跨,就是不再纠结、不再等待,今天就跨。这个跨就是自我要求,自激勇气,亮明真身,说出真话。从舒展人性、改变活法的意义上,跨一步天宽地阔。跨出这一步之后,所谓微博实名制还是问题么?跨出这一步之后,微博实名制这只河蟹又能起什么悲催和震慑作用?!对已经想清楚什么是无权者的权力,并决意生活在真实中的人来说,你不实名我还实名呢,因此面对实名制就自有一份坦然和淡定,甚至还会有一种正合吾意的心动和欣然。更不用说,实名制还将使马甲等身、见利忘义的五毛党和各路水军、僵尸粉一样,日子越来越难过。顺便说一句,在纸媒体和电子刊物上用笔名发表东西的作者,他们在后台都是报了实名的,否则便拿不到稿费了。那么,微博实名制或网络实名制有其软肋或死穴吗?有,那就是用户个人信息的安全问题。我以为,微博实名制的存废,恐怕将仅仅取决于用户信息是否不被泄露、不受侵犯。
从匿名说真话到实名说真话,是一种质的飞跃。不过,同样是实名实说,还有一个勇气大小、代价轻重的问题。秉持“宁鸣而死,不默而生”信条的高风亮节之士,在任何民族中都是极少数。甘冒坐牢风险说出真话冲击言禁的人,在任何民族中也都是少数。四川的陈卫先生,他在看守所里毫不奢望当局会和他“良性互动”,他想到的是当局的恶性打压,会判他9年有期徒刑。他的态度是“求仁得仁”,为了寻求和实现生命的意义,他愿意付出这样的代价。贵州的陈西先生因言获罪,于2011年12月26日被当局判处有期徒刑10年。而在这之前,陈西先生已经在后极权的铁窗之中度过了13个春夏秋冬。在法庭上,陈西先生宣告自己无罪,并申明“不再上诉”,不想陪他们再玩一场司法的把戏了。不必讳言,对大多数人来说,难以做到像陈卫先生和陈西先生那样,充分行使自己的言论自由权,直言不讳地批判后极权统治的根本弊端,鲜明表达对人类普世价值的认同和追求。然而,他们依然可以有所作为。他们能做的,是有一分勇气说一分话,有几分勇气说几分话;无论是在墙外还是墙内,网上还是网下,说出自己想说和敢说的真话,承担相应的风险,负起能负的责任,以自己认为合适的方式,缩小苟活的份额,提升生命的质量,活出应有的尊严。
实名说真话,出自平凡的良心,具有内在的穿透力、感召力和呼唤力。一部分人率先这么做了,必将唤起更多的人也这么去做。这个硬道理,不会只在捷克管用,世界上的其它地方就不好使。我深信,中华大地上实名说真话的人愈多,靠恐惧、谎言和收买来维护统治的人就愈不好混,超稳定的改朝换代模式就愈难延伸下去,今后的宪政民主制度就愈能获得坚实的支撑。
2011 年12月28日 于
北京家中
On the morning of December 26, the Guiyang Municipal Intermediate People’s Court of Guizhou Province sentenced veteran dissident and human rights activist Chen Xi (陈西), to ten years prison and three years’ deprivation of political right for “inciting subversion of state power.” This heavy sentence follows the nine-year term imposed on Sichuan dissident Chen Wei (陈卫) three days ago. Chen Xi insists on his innocence but will not appeal.
Chen Xi’s wife, Zhang Qunxuan (张群选), told Human Rights in China, “The court hearing started at 9 a.m. and concluded by 12:30 p.m. The prosecution against Chen Xi was based upon his publication of 36 articles overseas. Chen Xi’s lawyers, Sun Guangquan (孙光全) and Bai Min (白敏), defended him on his not-guilty plea. In his self-defense in court, Chen Xi stated, ‘All the activities I have been engaged in are just and honorable, all in the open. Since I was released from prison on 2005, State Security has had communications with me on a weekly basis. They are aware of everything that I have been doing, and everything can be put on the table. So why had the law enforcement [authorities] not pointed out that I was committing a crime?’ When the presiding judge allowed Chen Xi to make his final statement, Chen Xi said, ‘I am a law-abiding person. I respect the court’s decision; I will not appeal.’”
Zhang added, “We made a final request to see Chen Xi, but the presiding judge denied the request. They are really heartless. The prosecution took his writings out of context. Actually, Chen Xi was calling for democracy and human rights. This wish was [his] whole crime!”
“The Chinese authorities’ ongoing tactic of imprisoning Chinese citizens will not address the deepening social conflicts in China. Instead, it will intensify them,” said Sharon Hom, Executive Director of Human Rights in China. “The march of heavy sentences imposed on democracy activists should be a wake-up call to the international community: China is at a critical crossroads and these activists need effective and immediate support.”
This is Chen Xi’s third prison sentence. During the period of the 1989 Democracy Movement, he was sentenced to three years for establishing the Patriotic and Democratic Federation. After his release, he continued to work for democracy and engage in human rights activities. He was sentenced to another ten years in March 1996 for organizing the Guizhou branch of the China Democracy Party, and pressing for redress for the 1989 crackdown. While in prison, he was beaten savagely and repeatedly by other prisoners reportedly instigated by the prison authorities.
After his release from prison in 2005, Chen Xi and other Guizhou activists established the First Guizhou Citizens International Human Rights Symposium that they subsequently convened on a yearly basis. On this foundation, they formed the Guizhou Human Rights Seminar, a weekly study and discussion session, to promote human rights. On the eve of International Human Rights Day this year, the local authorities banned the seminar as an illegal organization.